In the burial of the xth. A precious belt of the "Byzantine circle" dating from the middle of the 8th century was discovered in the Bayanovsky burial ground (Perm Region), belonging to a representative of the local social elite. Individual elements of such belts are quite common in large areas, including monuments of the Perm Region, but complete belt sets are rare. The most extensive analogies of the considered belt are found among the Avar and Khazar antiquities. But it has a unique design, including the plots of the "royal" feast and love joys. The long period that elapsed from the moment of making the belt to its placement in the burial is also of interest.

Keywords: Byzantine circle belt, Avars, Khazar Khaganate, Middle Ages, Lomovat culture, Perm Region, Bayanovsky burial ground.

Introduction Belt Feature

The field season of 2012 was marked by an unusual find for the Kama Archaeological and Ethnographic expedition of the Perm State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University. In border 268 of the Bayanovsky burial ground (Dobryansky district of Perm Krai, in 1951 and 1953 it was excavated by V. A. Oborin, since 2005 it has been studied by A. V. Danich) a rich belt kit was found that was clearly not of local origin. It is considered unique because, firstly, complete sets of belts of this circle are relatively rare, secondly, the plot used in its design is met for the first time, and thirdly, the very context of the discovery of this artifact is unusual.

The basis of the belt was a relatively well-preserved leather belt with a width of 3.2-4.3 cm and a thickness of up to 3 mm, on which the buckle, tip and pads of three types were attached (Fig. Interestingly, the pads are not located on the outside of the skin, as is usually the case, but on the inside. Before being placed in the grave, the belt was carefully cut or torn along a light incision into 14 parts, on which incomplete incisions are observed. Obviously, there was an intention to cut out all the overlays, but for some reason this was not completed. Fragments of the belt were laid out in the burial in order at the place of its wearing. There is a deliberate "killing" of the thing. This tradition is quite widespread. For example, among the Siberian peoples, most objects were placed in the grave in a damaged form, the most common interpretation of this custom

The work was carried out within the framework of the RGNF project "The problem of the" ancestral homeland "of the Ugric Magyars and the Ugric component of the archaeological medieval cultures of the Urals" (N 13 - 11 - 59007).

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Fig. 1. The belt of the "Byzantine circle" from border 268 of the Bayanovsky burial ground: the order of arrangement of parts of the belt set.

Fig. 2. Drawing details of the belt kit. 1-tip; 2-buckle; 3-5-pads.

It is associated with the symbolism of secondary birth [Semenova, 2008, p. 108].

All the main details of the belt set are cast in silver. On the bases of large overlays with pendants, the buckle shield and the tip, traces of gilding were preserved. Metal parts were attached to the belt on silver pegs, and bronze mounting plates on the back of the belt, cut out in the shape of overlays, ensured their reliable fixation. During the repair process, holes were punched in some of the linings that lost their pegs, through which silver pins were passed.

X-ray fluorescence analysis was used to determine the metal composition of the set elements. The bases of the oval pads, the buckle shield and the face plate of the tip are cast from silver (62-78%) with the addition of copper (5.8-16.0 %) and minor impurities of lead (up to 0.83 %), zinc (up to 0.3%), arsenic (up to 0.12%). In the composition of the tip alloy, the percentage of tungsten (9.31%) is also quite high. In addition, it and the metal of the buckle shield contain renium (1.06-6.22 %). Since these parts of the belt set were gilded, the samples showed a significant gold content (11.5-20.2 %). The two-part pad hangings, horseshoe-shaped, semi-oval pads and buckle frame are made of silver (84.3-91.7 %) with the addition of copper (6.5-13.2 %), lead (up to 1.16%), zinc (up to 0.42%), arsenic (up to 0.2%) and gold (up to 0.7%). The alloy of fixing plates based on copper (73 %) contains lead (12.6 %), zinc (4.78 %), chromium (4.41%) and tin (3.43%). And the buckle tongue and plate used for its repair are made of almost pure copper (93.7 %) with small admixtures of lead (3.44 %), arsenic (1.87%), zinc (0.64%) and iron (0.3%).

The belt was restored by I. S. Grebenyuk, an artist-restorer of the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore.

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Fig. 3. Buckle. A - general view; B - image on the dashboard.

Fig. 4. Belt tip. A - general view; B - image in the upper tiers.

it was possible to identify some important details related to the design of the elements of the belt set and the features of ornamental plots.

The buckle (Fig. 2, 2; 3) has an oval plate frame measuring 4.5*2.2 cm, slightly expanded in the front part, with molded ears on the back side for a hinged connection with the shield. In the place where the tongue is placed on the frame, there is a rectangular recess, on the sides of which there is a plant ornament made of curls. The shield is semi-oval, 3*3 cm in size. The tongue is bent from a rectangular copper plate 0.5 cm wide, 2.7 cm long, pointed at the end, and decorated with a dot pattern on the bend at the tip. Obviously, the buckle was provided with this tongue during repairs made due to a broken hinge. During the repair, a rectangular copper plate was placed on the reverse side of the belt under the flap with uneven strips cut out in front, which were bent to the front side of the buckle, replacing the broken hinge, and secured with pins threaded through holes punched in the corners of the flap. The slit flap shows two naked people (a man on the viewer's left and a woman on the viewer's right) in the lotus position full-face (Fig. 3, B). Gender attributes are highlighted for the figures. The woman embraces the man, putting his right hand on his shoulder, the left rests on his side. The man's right hand is also resting on his side, and the left hand is resting on the woman's chest. The facial features of both figures have Mongoloid features - a wide nose, prominent cheekbones. The man has a long mustache that goes down to his chin. It shows elements of the costume - a headdress in the form of a round cap and a belt. There is a convex smooth border along the edge of the flap.

The tip (see Figs. 2, 1; 4) consists of three parts: openwork silver face plate 20 * 3 cm, the edges of which are bent downwards, forming a " box "4 mm high; a thin copper plate placed in this "box", and also a copper base. On the belt side, the tip edge is straight, with a pair of semicircular pin loops at the corners. Pins secure the end of the belt, which goes inside the tip by 1 cm, and connect the front plate with a copper base soldered along the edge to its edge. The face plate was broken in ancient times. The repair consisted in attaching its parts to the new base using pins threaded through holes punched at the edges of the fragments. Along the contour of the face plate of the tip is a scalloped border, framing three ornamental zones separated by scalloped and smooth horizontal stripes. In the upper tier, the same image is placed as on the buckle shield. The next one shows a man and a woman in profile, sitting on their knees opposite each other and indulging in love games (Fig. 4, B). In the lower tier, which occupies more than half the length of the tip, the plant ornament is a vine with large leaves. The copper plate under the front served as a backdrop for the openwork decor, creating a polychrome effect.

Oval pads with dimensions of 3 * 4 cm (6 copies) have bottom hangings in the form of an openwork trefoil, attached on hinges (see Fig. 2, 3; 5, 1). Smooth

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a convex border along the contour frames the composition of three human figures. In the center is the same image of a full-face naked man sitting in the lotus position, with a gender sign, a mustache, and a cap on his head (Fig. 5, 1, b). The arms are bent at the elbows and raised up. At the right shoulder there are solar symbols-the sun and the crescent moon. On the left shoulder is a fuzzy image, possibly of a sitting bird or a hatchet held in the hand of a man. The other two characters in the story are shown in profile, kneeling opposite each other on either side of the central figure (servants, slaves?). One (to the left of the viewer) holds a large jug in his hands, the other (to the right) - an incomprehensible object in the form of a ring with "rays" (a royal diadem?).

Horseshoe-shaped pads measuring 3.0*2.5 cm (5 copies) are decorated with plant ornaments in the form of a palmette with outstretched leaves-curls. It is framed by a smooth convex border (see Fig. 2, 4; 5, 2). Overlays of an elongated semi-oval shape have dimensions of 2.5*1.3 cm (6 copies). The ornament stylistically resembles a "tied palmetto", but it depicts a shamrock. It is also framed by a smooth convex border. At the bottom is a rectangular loop (see fig. 2, 5; 5, 3).

The location of the linings on the belt fragments and their sequence in the burial allow us to reconstruct the order of the elements in the belt set (see Figure 1). Part of the belt was covered with horseshoe-shaped linings located one after the other at a distance of approx. 1.5 cm. As O. Pelevina explained in a personal conversation, they were usually placed on the belt in such a way that the buckle tongue "went" into the recess of the extreme "horseshoe". On the rest of the belt alternated pairs of large oval pads with pendants, located at a distance of about 1 cm from each other, and small semi - oval ones, between which there were 0.3-0.5 cm. The belt also has the remains of a silver loop in the form of a 2 cm wide plate bent in the shape of an oval. It was attached to the belt by four copper pins. The purpose of the loop is not entirely clear, perhaps it was used to hang a scabbard from the belt. It is not entirely clear where the tip was located. The end of the belt, which was fastened on the buckle, is unevenly cut off. In width, this part of the belt coincides with the fragment on the tip, but their edges do not fit together. Presumably, some part of the belt was cut out and did not survive. In the burial, the tip lay separately along the left thigh of the buried person.

Analogs and dating of the belt

In general, the belt finds rather broad analogies among the belts of the" Byzantine circle", which are widespread in the Late Avar and Early Baltic complexes, as well as in vast territories that, as noted by A.V. Komar, were occupied by the Khazar Khaganate or were in the sphere of its influence [Komar, 2001, p. 103; Komar and Strelnik, 2011, p. 103]. 160]. The Kama region also belongs to such territories, where many individual large buckles, overlays and tips with ornaments in the form of palmette and vine curls have been found. They are represented in the complexes of the second half of the VII - first half of the VIII centuries. [Gening, 1979, p. 102], for example, at the Agafonovsky, Demenkovsky, and Visimsky burial grounds of the Lomovatov culture [Goldina, 1985, Tables XIII, 39-42], and at the Nevolinsky, Verkhsainsky, Brodovsky, Gorbunyatsky, and Ust - Irginsky burial grounds of the Nevolinsky culture [Goldina and Vodolago, 1990, Tables xiii, 39-42]. XXVI, 19, 29-32; XXX, 15, 29, 30; XXXI, 15, 16; XXXIV, 23-41; XXXV, 18-22].

Excluding images of human figures, we can find analogies to individual elements of the decorative design of the Bayan belt. Thus, the motif of "tied palmette" repeated on horseshoe-shaped and small semi-oval overlays is characteristic of the Micheldorf - Skalistoe type belts dating from the end of the seventh to the first half of the eighth centuries. B. Totev and O. Pelevina, after analyzing the places where their elements were found, came to the conclusion that such belts were mainly distributed

Fig. 5. Overlays.

1-oval: a - general view. b - image on the shield; 2-horseshoe-shaped; 3-semi-oval.

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in the border areas of the European steppe - in the Kama Region, the Urals, the Middle Volga region, the Tambov Region, the North Caucasus, the Crimea, North-Eastern Bulgaria, and the Middle Danube. In their opinion, this circumstance is difficult to explain only by cultural influences, most likely, it is due to the population-the direct carrier of fashion. Researchers hypothesize that the appearance in these areas in the late VII-early VIII centuries. belts with "tied palmette" - the result of the settlement of various groups from Greater Bulgaria under the onslaught of the Khazar invasion [Totev and Pelevina, 2005, p. 89]. The decoration of the tip in the form of a twisting shoot with leaves can be correlated with belt sets of the "Vral - Erske" type, the elements of which are found in the same territories, and sometimes in the same complexes, as the details of belts of the "Micheldorf - Skalistoe" type [Ibid., p. 90]. In the Kama region, a tip with a similar ornament is found in border 107 of the Agafonov burial ground (Goldina, 1985, Tables XIII, 40). Mainly for belt sets of the "Vral - Ersek" type, a scalloped border is also characteristic, as on the Bayan belt tip [Totev and Pelevina, 2005, p. 86, Figs. 2, 3, 7-9; 7, 2, 3; 9, 6, 8]. Analogs of shaped charms on two-part overlays were found in the Fotovizh treasure [Komar and Strelnik, 2011, Figures 3, 1-8], in border 134 of Netaylovka [Kryganov, 2001, Figures 3, 5], border 960 of Tankeyevka [Kazakov, 1992, Figures 60, 120], border 22, 24 of Polomsky I [Ivanov, 1998, fig. 49, 5, 6, 8], Border 7 of the Vazhgortsky burial ground (Belavin, 2000, Fig. However, the greatest number of analogies is found in the Late Avar materials [Komar and Strelnik, 2011, p. 149]. Several similar decorative elements can be traced in the belt set from the burial ground of the VIII century AD. Tisavarkon [Treasures of Avarov, 1985, p. 11]: the ornament of the Late Avar tip is most similar to the Bayanov one, there are similarities in the decoration of the horseshoe-shaped overlays, and the shaped hangings of two-part plaques are similar.

Thus, the belt was made, obviously, no later than the middle of the VIII century. and it was then that it got to the Kama region, where for this period elements of such belt sets are not uncommon finds. But the burial from which it originates was made at a much later time.

Description of the burial site where the belt was found

Grave 268 had an oval shape in plan, dimensions 2.71*0.72 m, depth 0.82 m from the surface, a flat bottom, vertical walls. The burial is oriented along the St. SW line. Fragments of wooden flooring up to 0.5 cm thick are fixed on top of all the items, with fur remains under them. At the bottom of the grave pit, a wooden floor with remnants of leather on the inner surface was also traced.

In the burial, individual fragments of the skeleton were preserved, arranged in accordance with the anatomical order. In the north-eastern part of the grave pit, the remains of a skull, scapula and clavicle were found. Nearby, a silver funeral mask was discovered, under which a large fragment of silk was preserved, a pair of temporal ornaments made of silver, and an iron hatchet to the southwest of the mask. In the center of the grave pit, fragments of the pelvis and sacrum were cleared, on top of them lay pieces of the cut belt. There are remnants of silk on it, and furs on the wrong side. To the south-west of the pelvis there was a fragment of the left femur, to the left of which a knife located along the conventional axis of the burial, a chair and chair flints were found. Just below the knife, the tip of the belt was in line with it. To the right of the pelvic bones, a spearhead was found, placed with the point to the head (the spear probably did not enter the grave pit and was broken in half). Along it were located the bones of the forearm and the phalanx of the right hand, near which a silver ring was found, and the second one was also found to the left of the femur. In the south-western part of the grave pit, foot bones were found preserved under a copper cauldron. Inside it were the remains of two wooden vessels and a fragment of a ceramic one. Under the cauldron on the left were iron bits, and to the right of it - an iron spring buckle.

The remains belong to an individual over the age of 30 (determined by anthropologist N. G. Bryukhova). It is impossible to determine the gender of the preserved bones, but the composition of the burial equipment leaves no doubt that this is the burial of a man who was certainly a representative of the local military elite. The latter is evidenced by the presence of a variety of "status" items: a precious costume headdress, items of weapons and equipment for a horse, a copper cauldron, and a funeral face covering. The buried man was richly dressed. Judging by the location of the costume fragments, he was wearing a fur coat made of European beaver fur (the definition of the taxidermist of the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore A.V. Kaluzhnikov), belted with a belt, and clothes (robe?)over it. it was made of silk and a cloak made of thick twill fabric, the remains of which were preserved in iron oxide on the hatchet and spear tip.

Characteristics of burial equipment and dating of the complex

There are no narrowly dated items in the complex. Temporal decoration with a cluster-like suspension

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6, 2) belongs to the latest version - with a hollow bipyramidal suspension attached to a hollow ball strung on a ring-arch. According to the observations of Yu. A. Podosenova, this construction is typical for the second half of the IX-beginning of the X century. In general, temporal ornaments with a cluster-shaped pendant existed until the beginning of the XI century. [Podosenova, 2009, p. 66]. The second ring (Figs. 6, 3) is a pear-shaped wire ring, which is typical mainly for the territory of the Permian Cis-Urals, where such ornaments were used from the beginning of the 10th to the 12th century. [Ibid., p. 80].

Rings (Figs. 6, 4, 5), in place of the shield of which an embossed silver hemisphere was placed, decorated with grain triangles, scan belts and an insert made of glass or carnelian, are quite often found on monuments of the Permian Urals of the X-XI centuries. [Belavin and Krylasova, 2012, pp. 127-128]. The hemisphere was soldered on a copper base and attached to a solid or detachable shackle made of silver or copper.

The silver funeral mask (Fig. 6, 1) of oval shape with holes imitating eyes and mouth, a convex nose with slotted nostrils, decorated along the outer edge of the plate and around the holes with a number of half-beads, with gilding above the "eyes" and around the "mouth" belongs to the latest type of specialized funeral face coverings - one-piece masks- disguises common from the end of the IX to the beginning of the XI century. [Belavin and Krylasova, 2008, p. 48]. The largest number of them was found at the Bayanovsky burial ground. Similar masks are known from the Rozhdestvensky, Ogurdinsky, Redikarsky, and Plesinsky burial grounds of the Permian Pre-Urals, outside of which they are quite widely represented at the Early Bulgar Tankeyevsky burial ground [Kazakov, 2007, p. 23].The mask-mask accompanied a single Ugric burial of the X century in the village of Manvelovka, Dnipropetrovsk region [Churilova, 1986].

7, 1), according to the classification of K. A. Rudenko, belongs to the M-1 type - with a corolla formed by a copper strip superimposed on the outside, which is fixed with a curved upper edge of the wall and rivets. Vessels of this type date back to the border of the IX-X-beginning of the XI century. [Rudenko, 2000, p. 28, fig. 2]. Boiler height 14 cm, diameter 26 cm, wall thickness 0.5 mm. The seams are carefully forged and not traceable. The superimposed copper strip 3.5 cm wide, 1 mm thick is fixed with the edge of the boiler wall bent outward (3 - 5 mm) and a bronze rivet. The ears were not preserved, only traces and a couple of rivets remained in their place. In the burial grounds of the Permian Urals, burials with cauldrons usually contain a rich set of inventory, including "status" items, probably they belonged to representatives of the tribal aristocracy. The boiler from page 268 is a prime example of special attention to these very valuable items. During operation, the vessel cracked at the bottom and was repaired by applying four copper patches attached with small rivets, and the outside was braided crosswise with birch bark strips 22-25 mm wide. In the boiler there was some product of liquid consistency, from the oxidation of which there was a small copper crust inside and traces on the walls located at a height of 60-85 mm from the bottom (the boiler was at a slight slope).

Fragments of two wooden vessels were preserved in the cauldron: bowls with a diameter of 5 cm on the corolla, 6 on the body, 3.7 cm high, with a 0.9 cm high corolla bent outwards (Fig. 7, 2) and circles with a diameter of 8 cm, with a slightly bent outwards corolla, 0.8 cm below which a part of the handle measuring 1.8* 4.2 cm, 0.2 - 0.4 cm thick (Figs. 7, 3). Wooden vessels are rarely found in burials in the Permian Urals. But judging by the numerous metal plates of corollas in the complexes of the X - first half of the XI century, there was a custom to accompany the buried

Fig. 6. Inventory of page 268. 1-mask; 2, 3-temporal ornaments; 4, 5-rings.

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7. Copper cauldron (1) and fragments of wooden vessels (2, 3) from border 268.

Fig. 8. Inventory page 268. 1-spearhead with fabric prints; 2-bit; 3-knife with wooden handle; 4-chair; 5 - 8-chair flints; 9-buckle; 10-hatchet with fabric prints. 1-4, 9, 10-iron; 5-8-flint.

wooden vessels along with ceramic ones. A fragment of ceramic that was also in the cauldron is a fragment of an unornamented wall.

8, 10) has an obushka in the form of a round cross-section hammer with a mushroom-shaped end. According to the typology of A. N. Kirpichnikov, it belongs to Type 1, which dates from the X-X1 centuries [1966, Fig. 6, pp. 33-35]. In the Permian Cis-Urals, such axes are known at the burial grounds of Bayanovsky, Zaposelye and Pyshtain, at the Baku village.

The iron spearhead (Fig. 8, 1) has a diamond-shaped feather and a funnel-shaped sleeve that is shorter than the feather. This pike is the most common type of spearheads of the VIII-XII centuries in the Permian Cis-Urals, represented at the burial grounds of Plesinsky, Bayanovsky, Redikarsky, Telyachy Brod, Bolshevisimsky and Maltsevsky villages (Danich, 2010, p. 24).

The knife (Fig. 8, 3) belongs to the usual universal. The remains of a wooden handle have been preserved.

The elements of flint found in the compact cluster (obviously, they were in a bag or belt purse) included a steel chair and four chair flints (Figs. 8, 4-8). 8, 4) is a rectangular bar with a small process at one end, bent in the form of a loop. L. A. Golubeva refers to lamellar kresala of this type to the period from the VIII to XI-XII centuries [1965, Fig. 1, 5]. In the Permian Cis-Urals, they are found in Rodanov and Rozhdestvensky ancient settlements (Belavin and Krylasova, 2008, figs. The dates of these monuments and analogies in the materials of the Ladoga and Prionezhye regions make it possible to date such rocks within the X-beginning of the XII century (Krylasova, 2007, Fig.

The bit (Fig. 8, 2) consists of a pair of movable links of the nibble and two lead rings, which served simultaneously as psalms. The nibble rods are square in cross-section, the rings are large and flat. Such bits were common throughout Eastern Europe in the pre-Mongol period. In the Middle Volga region and the Urals, they appeared in the first millennium AD, and from the turn of the first-second millennium AD they became predominant. The lyre-shaped spring buckle (Figs. 8, 9) belongs to the type dating from the X-XII centuries. [Kul'tura Bilyara, 1985, p. 202].

Correlation of the dates of the considered finds makes it possible to assign border 268 to the beginning of the X - beginning of the XI century. This is not contradicted by the dates of 11 coins found in five burials that are located in the immediate vicinity of the described one - they were minted in the period from 902/903 to 922 AD. e. Before entering the burial, the coins could have been used for a long time.

Conclusion

Thus, the age of the belt at the time of entering the burial was from 150 to 250 years. The question arises, what is the reason for such a long period of its existence. On the one hand, history knows a lot of facts about the long-term preservation of family heirlooms. It can be assumed that if you take care of-

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If a person was not treated properly, and the belt was worn only on particularly significant occasions, it could be preserved during this time. Numerous traces of repairs, half-erased gilding, deformation of individual parts indicate its long-term operation. On the other hand, no matter how fantastic it may seem, the belt could well have been discovered in an older burial site and reused after repairs were carried out. The fact that such a practice existed is evidenced by the discovery of a chalcedony disk in a burial of the same time at the Demenkov burial ground (excavations by A. F. Melnichuk), and later - at Bayanovsky (excavations by A. V. Danich). In the Kama region, such disks are most widely represented on the Azelinsky and Mazuninsky funerary monuments of the IV-V centuries AD. According to I. Y. Pastushenko, chalcedony came to the region in a narrow period of time or even at one time [Pastushenko and Bernts, 2008, pp. 16-17]. The appearance of such disks in burials of the tenth century can only be explained by their extraction from more ancient burials. The shape of the buckle tongue indicates that the belt was repaired in the tenth century. Usually buckles of this type were provided with massive cast tabs (variant 7 according to V. B. Kovalevskaya) [Kovalevskaya, 1979, p. 11, 21-22]. The repair-adapted tongue, made of a copper plate, is typical of X-century buckles.

As you know, in Byzantium, the production of award-winning military belts was strictly regulated, gold belts were made for their own needs, and silver belts were made for "barbarians". The presence of silver belt sets in the burials of the Bayanovsky burial ground indicates the long-term preservation of ancient military traditions in the medieval society of the Permian Urals.

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Belavin A.M., Krylasova N. B. Ogurdinsky burial ground. Perm: Perm State Pedagogical University . un-t Publ., 2012, 259 p. (in Russian)

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 10.01.14, and the final version was published on 20.03.14.

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