The analysis of ceramics was carried out within the framework of the historical and cultural approach according to the method of A. A. Bobrinsky. It is concluded that the early nomads had their own pottery production, which had its own specifics. Based on the results of the study, historical and cultural processes in the Southern Urals are reconstructed.

Key words: ceramics, Sarmatians, pottery, technology.

Funerary ceramics are the most widespread and the only source of information about the pottery production of Sarmatian tribes. Many researchers have repeatedly turned to its analysis, but the study of the technology of making dishes was carried out only visually, and only recent works fill this gap [Shilov, 1959, p. 444-452; 1975, p. 132-134; Moshkova, 1963, p. 24-30; 1974; Smirnov, 1975, p. 169 - 172; Pshenichnyuk, 1983; Skripkin, 1990; Tairov, 1998; Kraeva, 2000, 2003, 2009; Klepikov, 2002; Gutsalov, 2005; Ivanova and Myshkin, 2006]. The article deals with the pottery technology of the early Sarmatian culture of the IV-I centuries BC from the Southern Urals.

The problems of chronology and periodization are currently the most controversial in sarmatology, and the end of these discussions has not yet been put [Regional features..., 2007]. Therefore, the paper uses the classical division of the Southern Urals antiquities into Sauromatian and Early Sarmatian cultures (Moshkova, 1963, 1974; Smirnov, 1964). Complexes of the IV century BC with Sauromatic and Early Sarmatian features are attributed to the latter. According to the research of A. S. Skripkin (1990), the upper date of the Early Sarmatian culture was pushed back to the turn of the eons and monuments of the II-I centuries were identified. BC, as well as III-I centuries BC, which do not have a narrow date.

The study of ceramics was carried out within the framework of the historical and cultural approach to the study of ancient pottery according to the method of A. A. Bobrinsky [1978, 1999]. 222 vessels from 28 burial grounds in the Orenburg region were subjected to technological analysis (Fig. 1)*. Basically, all the studied monuments are concentrated in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals. The exceptions are the burial grounds of Ryazanovka-5 and Prokhorovka-1, located in the forest-steppe zone of this region, as well as Novy Kumak, which geographically belongs to the steppe zone of the Trans-Urals.

Tableware is represented by pots, pitchers, bowls, bowls, incense burners, dishes and rare forms [Kraeva, 2008a, pp. 10-12]. In the analyzed sample, flat-bottomed vessels predominate (68%), which differ in a wide variety of shapes (26 types). The group of round-bottomed ceramics is 32% and includes nine types. Additional

This work was supported by RGNF, project N 09 - 01 - 81102 vehicle number.

* I would like to express my deep gratitude to M. G. Moshkova, S. N. Satsedateleva, S. V. Bogdanov, D. V. Meshcheryakov, N. L. Morgunova, O. I. Porokhova, A. Kh. Pshenichnyuk, V. E. Tregubov, and L. T. Yablonsky for the opportunity to work with the ceramics collections.

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Fig. 1. Location of monuments of Early Sarmatian culture. 1-Akoba-2; 2-Akoba-5; 3-Gemini; 4-Linevka OK; 5-Mosque-Sai; 6-Pokrovka-1; 7-Pokrovka-2; 8-Pokrovka-7; 9 - Pokrovka-8; 10-Privolnoye; 11-Filippovka; 12 - Cherny Yar; 13-Berdyanka-5; 14 - Blagoslavenka OK; 15 - Krasnopartizan-2; 16-Krasnokholm-1; 17-Krasnokholm-2; 18-Nizhnyaya Pavlovka-5; 19-Nizhnyaya Pavlovka OK; 20 - Chkalovsky; 21-Boldyrevo-1; 22-Boldyrevo-4; 23-Mustaevo-5; 24-Shumaevo-1; 25 - Shumaevo-2; 26-Ryazanovka-5; 27-Prokhorovka-1; 28-Novy Kumak.

sculptural parts in the form of handles of various configurations, plums, spouts-plums had 25% of the vessels. Most of the dishes are decorated (80%). Mostly graphic ornaments prevailed (60%), but sculptural ones were also used (rollers, flutes, taped cones) (18%), and both could be combined on one product (22%). The shoulders were most often decorated (70%), the neck (12%), the entire body (10%), and the corolla section (8%) were much less often decorated.

The number of vessels in the burials ranged from one to four. In one burial there could be both round-bottomed and flat-bottomed vessels.

Characteristics of pottery traditions were made within the framework of the natural structure of pottery production [Bobrinsky, 1999, pp. 8-14]. Due to the varying degree of preservation of ceramics, complete information on all stages of the technological process is not obtained for each vessel.

Stages 1 Preparatory stage., 2-selection and extraction of raw materials. Potters used clays (73%), clay - like raw materials (19%), silt (3%) and concentrates (5%) as the main initial plastic raw materials (hereinafter referred to as IPS). The most widespread tradition was the selection of iron-rich fat clays (41%). The use of ozheleznennoy skinny (18%), slaboozheleznennoy fat (5%) and skinny (1%), neozheleznennoy fat (6%) and skinny (2%) was also recorded.

The clays contain natural admixtures of sand of varying degrees of roundness and composition, oolitic and clastic brown ironstone, limestone, ochre, mica. For the production of six vessels, clays were used that were distinguished by a non-standard composition of natural impurities: talc (3 copies; Fig. 2, 1), with inclusions of sea shells (1 copy; Fig. 2, 2) and carbonates (2 copies; Fig. 2, 4).

The composition of the sludge included the following natural impurities:: "pulverized" sand, single inclusions of a shell with a destroyed structure, remains of aquatic plants (filamentous algae) in significant concentrations, and organic substances of animal origin (fragments of insect parts, fish bones). Clay-like raw materials differed from silt by a small amount of plant residues of an aquatic nature and the absence of organic substances of animal origin. The extraction of silt and clay-like raw materials, judging by their natural admixtures, was confined to water bodies (Bobrinsky and Vasilyeva, 1998, pp. 199-200).

Concentrates are represented by the following mixtures: 1) ozheleznennaya skinny clay + slaboozheleznennaya fat (0.5%); 2) ozheleznennaya fat clay + neozheleznennaya skinny (0.5%); 3) ozheleznennaya skinny clay + neozheleznennaya fat (3%); 4) ozheleznennoe skinny clay-like raw materials + neozheleznennaya skinny clay (0.5%); 5) silt + neozheleznennaya skinny clay (0.5%).

A wide variety of IPS indicates the use of various sources of raw materials by Sarmatians.

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2. Ceramics of the Early Sarmatian culture. 1-Mosque-Sai, mound 8, border 1; 2-Mosque-Sai, mound 3, border 1; 3-Pokrovka-1, kurg. 16, pogr. 2; 4-Mechet-Sai, kurg. 7, pogr. 9; 5-Novy Kum ak, kurg. 24; 6-Filippovka I, mound 7; 7-Akoba-2, mound 1, border. 3; 8-Linevka OK, border 3, vessel 2; 9-Prokhorovka-1, mound 2, border 5, vessel 2; 10-Prokhorovka-1, mound 2, border 5, vessel 1; 11-Shumaevo-2, mound 9, border 4, vessel 2; 12-Chkalovsky, mound 1, border 3, vessel 1.

It is established that vessels made of different IPS could be placed in the burial at the same time.

As artificial admixtures, the potters used organic additives (manure, manure extract, organic solution, unclear organic substances), wool, shell, chamotte, bone, granite-gneiss and talc gravel.

Step 3 - processing of raw materials. IPS was mixed with artificial impurities mainly in the wet state (93%). Clay concentrates were mixed in a dry and wet state. No traces of special otmuchivaniya raw materials were found. In some cases, the clay was not even cleaned of very coarse impurities (Kraeva, 2003, p. 350).

Artificial admixtures were also prepared at the 3rd stage of pottery production. Shards of vessels, bone, and shell were crushed. Talc and granitogneiss gravel was also obtained by crushing rocks. The bone and shell were pre-fired. Impurities were calibrated through sieves or "by eye", separating the largest inclusions, usually larger than 3 - 5 mm, and dust.

The manure was used in a wet state. Organic solutions are recorded in the molding masses of 28% ceramics, which are characterized by the following features: areas impregnated with a liquid substance of various colors; amorphous voids with plaque on the walls; films enveloping artificial mineral impurities; sometimes rare inclusions of crushed vegetation residues with a length of 0.2 to 1.0 - 1.5 mm [Bobrinsky, 1999, p. 85 - 86; Salugina, 1999, p. 23; Kraeva, 2003, p. 351]. Recipes for the production of organic solutions are still unknown, and experimental work is being carried out in this direction [Vasilyeva and Salugina, 1999, p.240]. In some cases (8 specimens), when crushed plant residues are fixed in the clay together with the solution, it is possible to assume the use of manure pomace (Bobrinsky, 1999, p.19). According to ethnographic data, it is known that it was usually prepared by squeezing the liquid component of manure under a press or through a cloth [Vasilyeva and Salugina, 1997, p. 16].

Step 4-preparation of the molding compound (see table). 13 recipes were identified: simple-IPS + organic additives (hereinafter-OD) (5%), IPS + chamotte (0.5%), IPS + shell (0.5%); complex-IPS + chamotte + OD (53%), IPS + wool +

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Correlation of molding mass recipes and monuments

Burial ground

Date, centuries BC

Number of vessels

Composition of the molding compound

IPS + OD

IPS + P

IPS + W

IPS + W + OD

IPS + W + D + O

IPS + O + wool

IPS + W + H + Wool

IPS + K + N

IPS + K + W + N

IPS + T + OD

IPS + W + T + OD

IPS + W + D + T + OR

IPS + K + W + T + OD

Akoba-2

IV

2

1 (50)

1 (50)

Akoba-5

III-II

2

2 (100)

Twins

IV

2

2 (100)

Linevka OK

III

2

1 (50)

1 (50)

Mosque-Say

IV-I

30

3 (10)

14 (46)

2 (7)

2 (7)

9 (30)

Pokrovka-1

IV-I

24

2 (8)

1 (4)

14 (59)

1 (4)

1 (4)

5 (21)

Pokrovka-2

IV-II

24

1 (4)

1 (4)

11 (46)

2 (8)

2 (8)

1 (4)

5 (21)

1 (4)

Pokrovka-7

III-I

8

1 (13)

5 (63)

1 (13)

1 (13)

Pokrovka-8

IV-I

13

1 (8)

8 (62)

1 (8)

2 (15)

1 (8)

Privolnoye

III

3

1 (33)

1 (33)

1 (33)

Filippovka

IV

1

1 (50)

Black Yar

IV-III

6

1 (17)

1 (17)

1 (17)

3 (50)

Berdyansk-5

III

7

3 (43)

2 (29)

1 (14)

1 (14)

Blagoslavenka OK

III-I

4

1 (25)

1 (25)

1 (25)

1 (25)

Krasnopartizan-2

IV

3

3 (100)

Krasnokholm-1

End of IV-III

2

2 (100)

Krasnokholm-2

II-I

1

1 (100)

Lower Surfactant-

IV-III

1

1 (100)

dexterity-5

Lower Pavlovka APPROX

IV-III

5

4 (80)

1 (20)

Chkalovsky District

IV-I

17

10 (59)

2 (12)

1 (6)

4 (24)

Boldyrevo-1

IV-III

1

1 (100)

Boldyrevo-4

IV-III

1

1 (100)

Mustaevo-5

III-I

5

5 (100)

Shumaevo-1

IV-I

5

5 (100)

Shumaevo-2

IV-III

22

10 (46)

2 (9)

3 (14)

4 (18)

2 (9)

1 (5)

Ryazanovka-5

III-II

1

1 (100)

Prokhorovka-1

IV-II

15

11 (73)

1 (7)

1 (7)

1 (7)

1 (7)

Novy Kumak

IV-III

14

1 (7)

5 (36)

7 (50)

1 (7)

Total

221

10 (5)

1 (0,5)

1 (0,5)

119 (53)

3 (1)

1 (0,5)

2 (1)

14 (6)

15 (7)

17 (8)

35 (16)

1 (0,5)

2 (1)

Note: IPS - initial plastic raw materials, OD-organic additives, H-manure, OR-organic solution, O-organic residues, R-shell, W - chamotte, D-gravel, T-talc, K-bone.

The number of vessels made according to each recipe and their percentage of the total number of vessels examined from each monument are indicated.

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+ OD (0.5%), IPS + bone + manure (6%), IPS + talcum wood (hereinafter-talc) + OD (8%); composite-IPS + chamotte + granitogneiss wood + OD (1%), IPS + chamotte + wool + manure (1%), IPS + bone + chamotte + manure (7%), IPS + chamotte + talc + OD (16%); composite - IPS + chamotte + granite-gneiss gravel + talc + organic solution (0.5%), IPS + bone + chamotte + talc + OD (1%). Dishes made according to the recipe of ozheleznennaya fat clay + chamotte + OD prevailed.

Chamotte was the most common impurity (66% of vessels). Its concentration varied from 1: 2 to single inclusions (one or two per 1 cm 2). Potters crushed their own and other people's dishes into chamotte. Judging by its composition, the traditions of adding chamotte, bone, talcum powder were very stable, i.e. passed down from generation to generation. Artificially introduced talc is fixed in the molding masses of 20% of ceramics. Its concentration varied from 1: 2 to 1: 9, and in the vast majority of cases it was insignificant (from 1: 5 to single inclusions). Bone impurity was recorded in 11% of blood vessels. It was introduced into the molding mass in a concentration from 1: 2 to 1: 6 (rarely single inclusions). Granitogneiss gravel is found in only 2% of dishes, in concentrations of 1: 3 and 1 : 4. The clay + shell recipe is not typical for Sarmatian ceramics and was recorded only in one case. This vessel from the Pokrovka-1 burial mound (Figs. 2, 3) finds analogies among the Kara-Abyz ceramics of Bashkiria (Pshenichnyuk, 2004, Fig. 4). An admixture of wool was found in the molding masses of three ritual vessels (1%) (Figs. 2, 6 - 8).

Correlation of IPS and artificial admixtures showed that the carriers of the tradition of adding bone used only iron-rich fat clays, and wet manure in a significant concentration was introduced as organic components. The use of different types of IPS (silts, clays, concentrates) was especially typical for complex recipes of chamotte + OD. Potters, who prepared molding masses based on silt and clay-like raw materials, crushed their dishes made from similar raw materials into chamotte.

Step 5 - design of the vessel filling. Creative stage. Four programs were identified: 1) bottom-capacitive (81%); 2) capacitive-bottom (8%); 3) bottom (3%); 4) bottom + bottom-capacitive (8%). All the beginnings were composite. Bottom-capacitive ones were made by the flap and spiral-bundle methods; bottom-capacitive ones were made by the spiral - bundle method; for bottom ones, the bundle or flaps were wound in a spiral; for bottom + bottom-capacitive ones, flaps were built up on a cake made from a lump along a spiral trajectory. The most widespread was the use of patchwork molding (66%) with the predominance of building up elements in a spiral pattern.

Three vessels (8%) from the Prokhorovka-1 burial ground have two-layer fillings made by two methods (Yablonsky and Meshcheryakov, 2008; Kraeva, 2010, pp. 235, 243-244). The first: flaps were spirally wound on the whole cake to a certain height, forming a bottom-capacitive filling (Fig. 2, 9). The second method: the design began with the manufacture of a bottom-capacitive filling on a mold-based basis by superimposing flaps along a spiral trajectory, and ended with superimposing a monolithic cake on top (Fig.2, 10). The presence of such fillings is a vivid example of the fusion of two different programs-bottom and bottom-tank, which indicates the mixing in the past of the population that left the burials, where these vessels come from. Such methods of designing fillings could have appeared as a result of contacts between potters who made flat-bottomed and round-bottomed dishes. This is indicated by the desire to make the vessel flat-bottomed by attaching a flat cake of bottom filling to a bottom-container one made by patchwork molding using a base mold.

Step 6 - designing a hollow body. The hollow body of vessels was constructed in a single layer: patchwork (in a spiral, unsystematic, along the ring), spiral-tourniquet, harnesses along the ring, ribbons along the ring. The most widespread was the use of patchwork plaster (84%). When sculpting large vessels at certain stages of construction, the master had to stop his work and let the container dry out a little to avoid its deformation. Usually, these vessels were stratified along the junction lines between such zones.

Step 7-shaping the vessel. Shaping was carried out by squeezing out with fingers, sculpting on a plane, knocking out with a mallet, using form models. The last two methods prevailed. Potters who used bone as an artificial admixture always used knocking out.

The original shape of the vessels was given already in the process of construction by sculptural modeling on a plane (21%) or using form models (79%). Traces of shape models that allowed us to reliably determine their appearance (base shapes or container shapes) were clearly read in 34% of vessels. On the outer surfaces of three products (Privolnoye and Shumaevo-1), numerous imprints of dry ground manure were recorded, which was used as a pad when designing in the form of a container [Kraeva, 2003, p. 338, 340; fig. 1, 1; 3, 4].

The flat shape of the bottom of most vessels, especially in the III century BC, was given after the completion of the process of its construction by knocking out or cutting out the bottom of the vessel.

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by tapping on a hard surface. In some cases, the flattening of the bottom was obtained as a result of the settling of a still raw product under its own weight, which is typical for dishes with a spherical and pear-shaped body.

Step 8 - mechanical surface treatment. Surface treatment was performed by simple smoothing, polishing, polishing, painting, angobing, coating. Smoothing was manual and was done with fingers, cloth, suede-type leather, poorly tanned leather, sheepskin, or a hard object. The inner surface was smoothed mainly only with the fingers, and the outer surface was mostly poorly treated with leather. The surface, smoothed with sheepskin, differed from the treated poorly tanned leather with numerous deep traces of sliding hair and a large number of fallen hairs. The difference in interpretation of the material is explained by the fact that potters probably used pieces of hide, which could have different degrees of wear.

Polishing was carried out on a slightly dried base or on an additionally moistened dry one. They were polished with soft leather, resulting in smooth and shiny surfaces, without clear signs of polishing.

In general, staining, angobing, and coating are not typical for Sarmatian ceramics and are probably borrowed surface treatment techniques that mimic the angobing of circular Asian dishes.

Stages 9 stage., 10 - giving strength to the vessel and eliminating the moisture permeability of its walls. Most of the ceramics had a mottled surface color and different thickness of the clarified edge layers within the fracture of one vessel, which indicates fire firing. Potters actively used dry manure (30%) for roasting, as evidenced by the orange color of the surface (Vasilyeva and Salugina, 1999, p. 245). Apparently, the availability of this type of fuel in cattle breeding in the treeless steppe led to its widespread use.

Most of the dishes experienced short-term exposure to hot temperatures (650-700 °C and above). Vessels burned at low temperatures (below 450 and 650 °C) were probably used for storing bulk products or were made specifically for burial, since even a short exposure to liquid could lead to their destruction.

Step 11 - design of sculptural and service parts of containers. Additional sculptural elements were found in 25% of ceramics (handles, simple plums, tubular spouts-plums). Handles fashioned separately were attached to the outer surface of the vessel. Plums were formed along the edge of the whisk with your fingers.

Step 12-surface ornamentation. Graphic ornaments were applied in the technique of drawing, indentation, indentation, pricking, and delaying. The first two were the most common. The ornament in 20% of vessels is made by nail indentations. Simultaneous use of several techniques was recorded in 64% of ornamental dishes. Sculptural ornaments in the form of flutes and rollers (40%) were made by pressing-dragging and sticking.

Analysis of the technology of manufacturing Sarmatian ceramics from different burial grounds showed a significant variety of traditions. However, at all stages of pottery production, there are also common features of labor skills, namely:: 1) the use of mainly clays, as well as silts and clay-like raw materials as IPS; 2) the predominance of iron-rich fat clays; 3) the addition of chamotte, bone, talc, granite-gneiss pulp, wool and organic additives to IPS; 4) the dominance of the recipe for the molding mass of IPS + chamotte + OD; 5) the design of composite fillings mainly according to the bottom-tank program; 6) manual modeling of the filling and hollow body with patchwork molding; 7) use of mold models, sculptural modeling and embossing as the main methods of shaping; 8) the predominance of manual smoothing of poorly treated leather; 9) heat treatment of dishes by short-term exposure to hot temperatures in bonfires; 10) use of a special method of shaping. at the same time, several techniques of applying an ornament; 11) the predominance of techniques of indentation, drawing and indentation-dragging.

Thus, the numerous ceramics in the burials, the presence of certain standards when creating vessel shapes and ornaments on them [Kraeva, 2008a, pp. 10-12], as well as the existence of common technological skills allow us to conclude that the Sarmatians in the IV-I centuries BC had their own pottery production. It had its own characteristics related to the nature of management. In particular, nomads were not rigidly tied to the same clay land as settled tribes, as evidenced by the diversity of IPS. The early Sarmatian period is characterized by a variety of ceramic production technologies at all stages of pottery production, which is explained by the greater" openness " of nomadic societies to contacts. The identity of pottery was affected by the pastoral activity of the Sarmatians, who widely used cattle products (wool, leather, sheepskin, manure) in pottery production.

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The widespread use of clay as an IPS indicates that the pottery of the main part of the population was at the level of arch-pottery. The presence of 22% of ceramics made from silt and clay-like raw materials allows us to conclude that there was a small group whose pottery production was at the level of proto-pottery [Bobrinsky, 1999, pp. 75-85]. It is possible that the origins of this group are local, since the skills of using these types of IPS are recorded in the Ural-Volga region since the Neolithic, exist throughout the Bronze Age, and are known among early nomads in the VI-V centuries BC [Vasilyeva, 2007, pp. 35-38; Gutkov, 1995; Salugina, 1999, pp. 22-23; Kraeva, 2008a, p. 21].

Correlation of the technological analysis data with the shapes and ornamentation of vessels showed a number of patterns. The ways of making different forms of tableware depended on the existing technological traditions in pottery. More archaic skills were used mainly in the manufacture of incense burners (the predominance of recipes from ironed skinny clay, silt and clay-like raw materials with the addition of organic additives and chamotte; no knocking out; smoothing with fingers). Only in the molding masses of ceramics of this category is an admixture of wool recorded, which, apparently, emphasized the connection of animals with these vessels of religious purpose [Kraeva, 2006]. All the analyzed bowls were made of non-ironed clay with the addition of: chamotte and organic additives; shells. Given the small number of such finds in Sarmatian burials and the composition of molding masses, it can be assumed that this category of dishes was borrowed by early nomads from other peoples. Technological analysis of pots, jugs, and dishes did not reveal any features unique to them.

Flat-bottomed and round-bottomed types of tableware were made according to their own technology [Kraeva, 2009, pp. 205-206, Tables 2, 3]. The traditions of making flat-bottomed ceramics were less uniform and underwent significant changes under the influence of the traditions of making round-bottomed molds starting from the IV century BC. First of all, we should note the appearance of vessels with varying degrees of flatness bottoms. There is a group of ceramics that was originally made with a rounded bottom, and then it was specially flattened, which indicates the desire of potters who are used to making round-bottomed forms to imitate the samples of flat-bottomed dishes. In addition, the active use of form models and composite recipes (clay + talc + chamotte + OD, clay + bone + chamotte + OD; clay + bone + chamotte + talc + OD), there were mixed methods of designing fillings (bottom monolithic + bottom-intensive patchwork).

The relationship between the shape of the product and the technology can be traced only for pear-shaped vessels, the manufacture of which was carried out by patchwork molding. The torso profile (spherical, etc.) depended on the outlines of the form models and on the scheme of superposition of elements during construction (for example, the tape from the outside or from the inside). A sharply curved neck was obtained in vessels when their upper part was made separately and only then attached to the base, or when a tape or tourniquet was attached to the upper part of the vessel's shoulder from the inside. The latter method is more typical for products with pear-shaped and spherical bodies (Fig. 2, 1, 5, 11).

The appearance of stamp ornamentation was initially associated with the appearance of round-bottomed dishes with a pear-shaped body and existed only in the IV century BC.e. Sweetening of the ornament appeared in the III century BC, but became widespread in the II-I centuries BC. e. and is especially characteristic of ornaments in the form of "towels".

The results of the study of ceramics were used to solve historical and cultural issues. The fundamental basis of the interpretation was the regularities of the development of pottery production [Bobrinsky, 1978, p. 242-244]. Pottery of the Sarmatian tribes during the IV-I centuries BC was undergoing changes. The article focuses on the features of composing molding masses, since the skills of this stage of technology change quite quickly (during the life of one or two generations) when the ethno-cultural composition of the population changes and are of particular interest to researchers.

In the IV-I centuries BC, two recipes that were widely used in the VI-V centuries BC continued to exist: IPS + OD and IPS + chamotte + OD. Molding mass clay + sand + OD completely stopped using, and instead of the clay + dresva + OD recipe, mixed ones appeared: clay + dresva + chamotte + OD and clay + dresva + chamotte + talcum powder + OD. The tradition of making ceramics from the molding mass of IPS + chamotte + OD remained dominant, but the total number of recipes in comparison with the VI-V centuries BC increased from four to 13 due to the mixing of traditions and the emergence of new ones (the addition of previously unknown artificial admixtures-talc, wool, bone).

In the IV century BC or at the turn of the V-IV centuries BC, stucco ware appeared that was different from "Sauromatic" (8%). It has a pear-shaped body with a rounded bottom, a sharply curved corolla and a complex ornament [Moshkova, 1974, p. 21, Fig. 4] (Fig. 2, 1). The molding masses of this ceramic are made according to the clay + talc + recipe Made of talc clay with the addition of organic additives, the design of vessels is made by patchwork with the help of a mold-model, and the ornament is stamped.

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The reasons for the appearance and disappearance of" talc " ceramics in the Southern Urals have been repeatedly stated by researchers [Kraeva, 2008b]. In general, we can distinguish two points of view on this problem: "migration" [Moshkova, 1974, p. 22; Tairov, 1998, p. 93] and "contact" [Zhelezchikov and Pshenichnyuk, 1994, p. 8; Mogilnikov, 1999; Savelyev, 1999].

Technological analysis has shown that the appearance of clay + talc + OD dishes among early nomads is associated with the arrival of carriers of the tradition of composing such a molding mass. As a result of the mixing of these alien groups with the local population, there were: 1) widespread use of round-bottomed dishes, as well as the appearance of flat-bottomed "transition type" with a smooth transition of the walls to an unstable bottom; 2) changes in ornamentation (reducing the proportion of ornaments in the form of pictograms, complicating compositions, priority for decorating shoulder zones); 3) the emergence of new methods of applying decor; 4) widespread use of mixed recipes forming masses of IPS + chamotte + talc + OD; 5) the formation of general skills in the design of hollow bodies while maintaining different programs for making fillings; 6) the emergence of new generations of potters who still adhered to the old programs for designing fillings (capacitive-bottom and bottom-capacitive spiral-harness), but hollow bodies began to be made by patchwork molding in a spiral; 7) mass use of molds-models.

Probably, at the beginning of the IV century BC, there was a significant influx of some non-cultural population into the Sarmatian environment, which had its own traditions in the manufacture of ceramics, which led to the observed radical changes in pottery. Apparently, M. G. Moshkova is absolutely right when she connects the appearance of the tradition of adding talcum powder with tribes from the forest-steppe Trans-Urals, since it is in this region that there are talc deposits, which have been widely used by the local population since the Bronze Age [Moshkova, 1974, p. 6, 22; Gutkov, 1995, p. 141].

The appearance of ceramics made from the molding mass clay + talc + OD, was associated not just with the arrival of imported dishes, but with the gradual process of mixing carriers of different pottery traditions, as evidenced by the emergence of mixed recipes clay + chamotte + talc + OD. At the initial stage of this process, talcum powder or chamotte was added in a small ("symbolic") concentration by both local and foreign potters. Analysis of chamotte showed that initially it was crushed mainly vessels made from a molding mass of clay + talc + OD with a high talc content. Perhaps they were brought by immigrants or made using the talcum powder they brought. It is no coincidence that the number of vessels with a high concentration of talc is insignificant (8%), since they were mostly crushed into chamotte after leaving circulation. This fact indicates the continuity of traditions. Mixing of traditions, as already noted, is also recorded in the methods of designing dishes. Thus, there is a clear process of emergence of new cultural traditions of the "mixed" population.

Microscopic study of ceramics has shown that a significant admixture of talc (concentrations of 1 : 2, 1 : 3) is recorded mainly in the molding mass of dishes of the first half of the IV century BC( as well as II-I centuries BC), when there was an influx of newcomers to the Southern Urals. During the IV - III centuries BC, the concentration of chamotte in clay + talc + chamotte + OD recipes increased, while talc decreased. At the same time, vessels with more talc than chamotte in their molding masses continued to exist [Kraeva, 2008b, Figs. 1, 4-6].

The results of technological analysis of ceramics of the second half of the IV-III centuries BC showed that vessels made according to the recipes of IPS + chamotte + OD and IPS + talc + chamotte + OD with chamotte from ceramics with a significant concentration of talc are significantly larger than the dishes made from the molding mass clay + talc + OD. This fact, as well as the presence on monuments of 10 to 50% of dishes, in the technology and morphology of which mixed traditions can be traced, indicate the processes of cultural integration, i.e., the penetration of more or less massive foreign cultural phenomena and the emergence of a stable cultural heterogeneity of the population on this basis [Tsetlin, 1998, pp. 59-60].

From the second half or the end of the IV century BC, a new component of artificially introduced impurities - crushed burnt bone-appeared and existed throughout the III century BC. The origins of this tradition are still unknown. Once in the Sarmatian environment, this tradition in the manufacture of ceramics (clay + bone + manure) mixed with the local (clay + chamotte + OD), as a result of which a mixed recipe clay + bone + chamotte + OD (organic substances, manure) later appeared and for some time co-existed. (1: 3) was significantly higher than chamotte (1 : 4, 1 : 5). The shape of dishes made from clay + bone + manure molding mass did not stand out from the total mass of Sarmatian ceramics of the second half of the IV-III centuries BC (Figs. 2, 11). However, the pottery traditions of its creators were very stable: they used ironed fat clay, bone and manure, and mainly crushed their own dishes into chamotte. Apparently, the bearers of the clay + bone + manure tradition originally made round-bottomed ceramics, since dishes with a rounded bottom predominate. Notes-

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It is significant that large flat-bottomed vessels made according to the recipes clay + bone + manure and clay + bone + chamotte + manure, as well as round-bottomed ones, were designed using patchwork mold models.

From the end or second half of the IV century BC to the III century BC, there were active processes of displacement and mixing of the population, as evidenced by the emergence of a large number of new and mixed labor skills in Sarmatian pottery.

According to the studied materials, in the II-I centuries BC, the assimilation of the pottery traditions of the alien population by the dominant local ones (IPS + chamotte + OD) is observed. However, despite the apparent external unity of ceramics, groups continued to co-exist at this time, making their dishes according to the recipes clay + bone + chamotte + manure, clay + talc + chamotte + organic and clay + talc + OD, but it did not differ externally from the rest of the flat-bottomed.

All dishes of the II-I centuries BC, made from molding mass with the addition of talcum powder in a significant concentration (1 : 2, 1 : 3), It was flat-bottomed and is characterized by a number of general technological features that distinguish it from ceramics of the IV-III centuries BC [Kraeva, 2008b, p. 38, Fig. 1, 7-9]. It can be assumed that in the II-I centuries BC there was a small group of potters who had a widespread tradition of composing molding masses according to the clay + talc + OD recipe. Judging by the shapes of the vessels and the methods of construction, these potters could well have been representatives of the population with Sarmatian traditions in the manufacture of dishes, but lived in the Trans-Urals, where talc deposits were available. It is also possible that there was an infiltration of new groups from the Trans-Urals, in particular, such dishes could have got to the nomads as a result of marital contacts. It is noteworthy that ceramics of the II-I centuries BC, made from a molding mass of clay + talc + OD, have not yet been found in the Samara Trans-Volga region. This may be due to the remoteness of this region from talc sources (Ivanova and Myshkin, 2006, p.389). The presence of a significant admixture of talc in the molding masses of vessels of the II-I centuries. This indicates that the" disappearance " of the tradition of adding talcum powder at this time in the Southern Urals cannot be said.

Tableware of the II-I centuries BC, made from a molding mass of clay + bone + chamotte + manure, also differs in a number of features from similar ceramics of the IV-III centuries BC. For example, in the II-I centuries BC, along with ozheleznennaya fat and neozheleznennaya skinny clay, the outer surface was used as an IPS. vessels were sometimes painted with red paint and then polished, moreover, all such dishes are flat-bottomed and decorated with ornaments characteristic of Sarmatian ceramics of this period (Fig. 2, 12). Probably, in the II-I centuries BC, there were groups of people who continued to make dishes according to the recipe clay + bone + chamotte + manure. However, under the influence of the traditions of other groups whose ceramics have not yet been found, there have been changes in the ideas about IPS and in surface treatment. There may also be an influx of new immigrants-carriers of the tradition of adding bone to the molding mass, in which these changes have already occurred earlier.

Thus, the results of studying the technology of making ceramics indicate that the Sarmatians of the Southern Urals in the IV-I centuries BC had their own pottery production, which was formed by carriers of different traditions. The historical and cultural interpretation of the data obtained allows us to speak about two waves of infiltration of the foreign-cultural population into the local environment during this period. Of course, there could have been more of them, but they were not reflected in the pottery traditions.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 13.01.10.

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