One of the manifestations of Russo-Hungarian economic and political contacts that began in the 9th century was dynastic ties. The son of Prince Vladimir I of Kiev, Svyatoslav, who was married to a Hungarian duchess, was killed by Svyatopolk on his way to Hungary . Vladimir's daughter (believed to be Predslav) was married to the Hungarian Duke Laszlo Sar, a cousin of the first King of Hungary, Istvan I 2 . Future husband of Anastasia Yaroslavna Endre (Andrey) He was the son of Vazul, a cousin of Istvan 3 . After the death of his only son Istvan I in 1031, Vazul became the eldest of the dukes. However, Istvan, who doubted his cousin's Christian beliefs, had his eyes gouged out. The blinded man's sons (Endre, Levente and Bela) were then forced to leave Hungary.

The three exiles first found shelter in the Czech Republic, then in Poland, where Bela married the sister of King Casimir. Endre and Levente tried to settle in the Vladimir-Volhynia Principality, but the local Prince Igor Yaroslavich refused to accept them, not wanting to complicate relations with Hungary. After that, the dukes fell to the Pechenegs, then went to Kievan Rus 4. Great Prince Yaroslav of Kiev kindly received the exiles, who turned out to be his sister's nephews. The brilliance and beauty of the ancient Russian capital and its temples made a strong impression on Endre, and he converted to Christianity. The convert was given the name of the most revered Saint in Russia at that time. Andrew. Reliable data on its participation in the

1 Shusharin V. P. Russko-hungerskie otnosheniya IX veka [Russian-Hungarian relations of the IX century]. In: International Relations of Russia to the XVIII century, Moscow, 1961, p. 155.

2 Pashuto V. T. Drevnyaya Rus ' i Hungariya [Ancient Russia and Hungary]. In: Slavs and Rus, Moscow, 1968, p. 348.

3 Hungarian chronicles claimed that Endre was the son of Laszlo Sar and a Kievan princess, wanting to "ennoble" the Hungarian king, who was born as a result of Vazul's cohabitation with a pagan concubine.

4 Kepes Kronika a magyarok regi es legujabb tetteirol, novekedesukrol, diadalaikrol es batorsagaikrol (1358). Budapest. 1971, 56. old.

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hiking in Pechenegs, yatvyagsand chud 5 . During the 12 years of his stay in Kiev, the future Hungarian king mastered the Russian language, Old Slavonic literacy and the canons of Orthodoxy, and also had the opportunity to witness his father-in-law's domestic and foreign policy, his multifaceted activities in the field of state building and culture.

The name of his wife Anastasia Yaroslavna does not appear either in the Russian chronicles or in the Hungarian chronicles, where she is simply referred to as "the daughter of the Prince of Russia" .6 Her name was first mentioned by a 15th-century Polish chronicler. Jan Dlugosz, later reproduced by Russian historians of the XVIII-early XIX centuries. There is also her middle name-Agmunda, allegedly acquired by her in Hungary. Meanwhile, as the Hungarian researcher of Arladovich genealogy M. Wertner has established, this is a misunderstanding. The 15th-century chronicle of Janos Turoci states that "the mother and wife (of King Shalamon, son of Anastasia) were buried in the monastery of Agmund." 7 The court historian of King Matyash, Antony Bonfinius, as a result of rearranging the comma, gave the same phrase in this form: "Agmund's mother and wife (of King Shalamon) are buried in the monastery" 8. On the basis of Bonfinius ' History of Hungary published in 1568, this "name" penetrated the works of many Western European authors, and from there - into the works of Russian and Soviet historians.

Mikhail Lomonosov, listing Yaroslav's daughters, put Anastasia in third place. Karamzin also called her the third daughter of Yaroslav 9 . A number of Soviet authors also adhere to this order of precedence. However, V. D. Korolkzh and V. T. Pashuto believed that Anastasia was the eldest daughter, the middle one was Elizabeth of Norway, and Anna of France was the youngest . Hungarian historians are inclined to the same point of view. There is also no consensus in the literature regarding the marriage of a Hungarian prince and a Kievan princess. Some put it back to 1046 (the date of Andrew's accession to the Hungarian throne, i.e. after Elizabeth's marriage in 1044). Meanwhile, Andrew and Anastasia had a daughter, Adelheid, who was born in Kiev in 1040/41; therefore, the marriage took place no later than 1039/4011 . Establishing the true seniority of Yaroslav's daughters can help, in particular, to attribute the figures of princesses in the mural of St. Sophia Cathedral depicting Yaroslav's family .12
The elevation of Andrew to the Hungarian throne took place when a revolt broke out in Hungary against the hated King Peter (the son of Istvan's sister), who recognized himself as a vassal of the German emperor Henry III. This revolt was also directed against the feudal order that was developing in the country and its mainstay, Christianity. It was held under the slogan of restoring paganism. Dissatisfied with Peter's policy, the nobility, headed by Istvan's cousins (Buya and Bonha), established contacts with the fugitive dukes who were in Kiev. Peter found out about this and executed his cousins 13 . Probably, the relations of representatives of the discontented nobility with Kiev were established (perhaps) soon after Istvan's death in 1038. In this case, Yaroslav, marrying his daughter to a Hungarian duke, could expect that he, having support at home, would be able to become king. The Great Prince of Kiev vigorously supported his son-in-law in the struggle for the throne. Andrew, who was going to his homeland, was accompanied by an army of Kiev warriors and Pecheneg mercenaries .14
Wanting to take advantage of the support of the rebels, Andrei was forced to take into account the sentiments of the participants in the movement and did not prevent the murder of high-ranking officials of the spiritual hierarchy who came to him. Andrey Dal's ambivalent position

5 Fessler I. A. Die Geschichte der Ungern und ihrer Landsassen. Bd. 1. Leipzig. 1847, S. 410.

6 Anonymi Gesta Hungarorum. Bela kiraly jegyzojenek konyve a magyarok cselekedeteirol. Pais Deszo forditasa. Budapest. 1975, 95. old.

7 The Monastery of Adminunt in Styria.

8 Wertner M. Az Arpadok csaladi tortenete. Nagybecskerek. 1892, 122. old.

9 Lomonosov M. V. Polnoe sobranie sochineniy [Complete Works], Vol. VI, Moscow, 1952, pp. 343-349; Karamzin N. M. Istoriya gosudarstva Rossiiskogo, Vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1816, p. 32.

10 Korolyuk V. D. Zapadnye slavyane i Kyivskaya Rus '[Western Slavs and Kievan Rus], Moscow, 1964, p. 329; Pashuto V. T. Vneshnaya politika Drevnoi Rus', Moscow, 1968, p. 419. ch Wertner M. Op. cit., 123. old.

11 Wertner M. Op. cit., 123. old.

12 Karger M. Portraits of Yaroslav the Wise and his family in Kiev's Sofia. - Uchenye zapiski Leningradskogo universiteta, 1954, Seriya istoricheskikh nauk, vol. 20, p. 141; Visotskiy S. O. Pro sho rozpovili davni stini [Scientific Notes of the Leningrad University, 1954, Series of Historical Sciences, vol. 20, p. 141]. KIIV. 1978, p. 81 sl.

13 Homan V., Szekfu Gy. Magyar tortenet. I. kot. Budapest. 1935, 251. old.

14 A magyar nemzet tortenete. II. kot. Budapest. 1896, 42. old.

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later, some Hungarian authors doubted the sincerity of his Christian beliefs, and they were inclined to see in his actions a willingness to restore the pagan faith. He refused to do so, allegedly under the influence of the "pious" Anastasia, who was brought up in the spirit of Christianity from childhood. 15 In fact, Andrei's behavior was determined by his class position as a supporter of the feudal order, the viability of which he was convinced while in Kiev. Considering Christianity as their mainstay, Andrew, after the death of Peter, who was captured by the rebels, was crowned in Szekesfehervar in early 1047 and received the crown from the hands of the three surviving bishops, and after that suppressed the pagan uprising.

As for Anastasia, her position was, of course, important, since she was actually the king's co-ruler, and not just the king's wife . Andrey, who suffered from paralysis, was already struggling to move. Efforts to strengthen the state were compounded by concerns about repelling external enemies. The German emperor, under the pretext of revenge for the murder of his protege and vassal, moved an army against Hungary. Andrey appealed to his brother Bela, who was in Poland, to take part in repelling the invasion. As a reward, the king, who had no male offspring, allegedly promised to bequeath the throne to Bela. The German forces that invaded the country in 1051 were unsuccessful, although Henry III was supported by his relative Pope Leo IX, who threatened to excommunicate the Hungarian king for refusing to pay tribute to the emperor.

Hungary's success was promoted by the position of the rulers of the Czech Republic, Poland, Byzantium and Kievan Rus. The army provided to his son-in-law by Yaroslav took an active part in military operations against Henry III . The situation of Hungary was also made easier by the fact that France, while seeking the separation of Lorraine from the empire, also supported the enemies of the latter. There is an assumption that the French King Henry I, influenced by the success of the uprising of 1046 in Hungary and the overthrow of the vassal Henry III, laid claims to Lorraine .

It was in Hungary's interest to coordinate its actions with France. That's why the Hungarian royal couple promoted the marriage of 49-year-old widower Henry I with Anastasia's younger sister Anna, who became Queen of France. And the victory over the army of Henry III strengthened the authority of the Hungarian royal couple. This was also facilitated by the fact that in 1052 and 1053 they had two sons who could become heirs to the throne. To counter the king's younger brother's claim to the throne, the sons were given royal biblical names that are rare for Catholic Europe: Shalamon (Solomon) and David (David). In the "Word of Law and Grace", which dates back to the 1040s and was written by the Kiev priest of the Grand Ducal court Church Hilarion, the author compares the grandfather of the Hungarian Queen Vladimir I with the victorious David, and the queen's father Yaroslav the Wise-with the wise Solomon 19 .

The relative stability of the situation in Hungary allowed the royal court to begin extensive construction, including monasteries. There were French, Greek and Russian monks in Hungary. For the Orthodox, the Monastery of St. Andrew was founded not far from the royal summer residence near Visegrad (north of Budapest). Opposite it, on the elevated bank of the Danube, there are traces of a skete modeled after the Kiev Caves Monastery. There lived Russian monks who came to the country with the queen 20 . In 1055, an abbey was founded on the banks of the lake. Balaton, on the Tihan Peninsula. It was occupied by French Benedictines. Their monastery was named after the most revered saint at the French royal court. Anniana 21, which was intended to demonstrate the political closeness of Hungary and France, cemented by the family ties of two sister queens. According to the charter of 1055, the abbey was built "for the salvation of the souls of the king, his wife, their sons and daughters, as well as those who live here."-

15 Dobozу H. Kiralyneink az Arpad es Anjou korban. Szeged. 1934, 47. old.

16 Wertner M. Op. cit., 122 - 123. old.; Dobozy H. Op. cit., 47. old.

17 Szekely Gy. Kapsolatok a keleteuropai nepek harcaban a nemet hoditok ellen a 11 -14. szazadban. - Hadtortenelmi Kozlemenyek, 1954, N 1 , 141 - 151. old.

18 Homan V., Szekfu Gy. Op. cit., 257. old.

19 Drevnyaya russkaya literatura [Ancient Russian Literature], Moscow, 1980, p. 31.

20 Zolnау M. Kincses Magyarorszag. Budapest. 1977, 186. old.

21 Erdelyi L. A. Tihanyi apatsag tortenete. Budapest. 1908, 9 - 11. old.

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of her deceased relatives " 22 . The last words also referred to Yaroslav of Kiev, who died in 1054. And in the north-eastern part of the Tihan Peninsula there was a hermitage with cave cells, which was directly subordinate to the monastery founded in 1051. Kiev-Pechersk Monastery 23 . This place is still called Oroske (Russian stone). The "Russian Well" is also preserved here. There is a description from 1092 of this site with the designation "monastic cells at a point called Oroske" 24 .

Hungary's political, cultural, and economic ties with Kievan Rus under Andrew were also reflected in numismatic monuments. The largest number of Hungarian denarii found in Russia was minted during the reign of Istvan I and Andrew 25 . On the highway from Esztergom through Tokay and the Dukelsky pass to Kiev, on the bank of the Bodrog River not far from Tokay, Andrew built the Ketelpatak fortress (modern-day). Sharoshpatak). According to the Chronicle of an anonymous source who drew information from the chronicles of the eleventh century that have not come down to us, Anastasia often lived there, "who was the daughter of a prince of Russia, and she liked this place as close to her homeland, and also because she feared the invasion of the German emperor." 26 Here a temple was built for her 27 .

It is noteworthy that among the Transcarpathian Ukrainians there are many legends about the Kievan queen. One of them speaks of a "white prince and a white princess" marching "with a large Russian army to the Ugric throne." 28 After the division of the Christian Church in 1054, the Orthodox monks of the Sarava Monastery were forced to leave the Czech Republic and settle in Hungary. There they were sheltered by Anastasia [29] and settled in the Tormovo Monastery (Bihar Komitag) built for them [30] or in the Visegrad Monastery [31]. This circumstance was also connected with the anti-papal policy of Andrew, due to the fact that Pope Leo IX supported the emperor. In those years, the influence of Byzantine-Russian customs and culture significantly increased in Hungary .32 We should add that the author of the initial fragment of the reconstructed Hungarian chronicle already had a clear idea of Russia and knew well about Kiev33 .

Meanwhile, Bela took advantage of the discontent of part of the Hungarian nobility and in 1060, with the support of the Polish army, invaded Hungary. Having sent his wife and children to Emperor Henry IV, the future husband of Eupraxia (daughter of Vladimir Monomakh and niece of Anastasia), Andrew opposed his brother, but died under the horse's hooves. Bela reigned. The Dowager Queen sought his overthrow, and in 1063, with her assistance, German troops supporting Chalamon entered Hungary. Bela was forced to cede the throne to his nephew on the condition that Bela's descendants would retain part of the territory of Hungary as a duchy. Now, under the infant Chalamon, the country was ruled by Anastasia, who remarried to the German Count Poto, who had previously served as a diplomat in Bavaria, but was (along with Prince Conrad) suspended from service by Henry III for supporting Hungary during the German invasion of it in 1051/52 .34 The count, who had escaped from Bavaria, entered the service of Andrew, returned to Germany after the accession of Bela,and now found himself back in Hungary.

During the reign of Chalamon, the contradictions between the cousins intensified. Anastasia made efforts to keep the peace and even came into conflict with her son on this basis. In 1074, Shalamon raised his hand against his mother, but his wife prevented him .35 Date of this event some authors

22 Ibid.

23 Gadzheta V. Pechersk Lavra of Tikhon'sk. - Subcarpathian Rus, 1925, vol. II, p. 34.

24 Erdelyi L. Op. cit., 476 - 578. old.

25 Potin V. M. Drevnyaya Rus ' i evropeiskie gosudarstva v X - XIII vv [Ancient Russia and European states in the X-XIII centuries]. Historical and numismatic essay, L. 1968, p. 222.

26 Anonymi, p. 95.

27 Lazar I. Kialt Patak vara. Budapest, 1974, 197 - 198. old,

28 Devollan G. A. Ugorskaya Rus '[Ugric Rus']. Historical Essay, Moscow, 1878, p. 13.

29 Florovsky A.V. Czechs and Eastern Slavs. Prague. 1935, pp. 39-40.

30 Pashuto V. T. Drevnyaya Rus ' i Hungariya [Ancient Russia and Hungary], p. 348.

31 Moravcsik Gy. Bizanc es a magyarsag. Budapest. 1959, 60. old.

32 Dummerth D. Az Arpadok nyomaban. Budapest. 1977, 224 - 225. old.

33 Shusharin V. P. The Old Russian State in Western and Eastern European medieval monuments. In: Drevnerusskoe gosudarstvo i ego mezhdunarodnoe znachenie [The Ancient Russian State and its International Significance], Moscow, 1965, pp. 434-435.

34 Homan V., Szekiu Gy. Op. cit., 161-162. old.

35 Thuroczy J. A magyarok kronikaja. Forditotta Horvath Janos. Budapest. 1980, 148 - 149. old.

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taken as the date of Anastasia's death 36 . In the document of 1094, where the youngest son of Anastasia is mentioned, she is already mentioned as deceased 37 . The chronicle's report that her ashes are buried in the Styrian monastery of Admunt raises doubts, since this monastery, founded in 1074, was a male monastery. Later, the image of Anastasia was reflected in Hungarian fiction. The poet K. Sas in 1878 published the historical poem "Shalamon", in which the attractive figure of the dowager Queen is displayed 38 . Contemporary Hungarian writer G. Hegedyush in his novel "The Only Way" dedicated to Andrey tells about a young and intelligent Kiev kiyazhna, who helped her husband 39 .

Even the relatively scanty data available to science about Anastasia attest to the breadth of dynastic ties between the Grand Dukes of the Kievan House in the 11th century. and about the important political significance that they had for feudal Europe.

36 Florovsky A. UK. soch. Genealogical table (without specifying the page).

37 Wertner M. Op. cit., 123. old.

38 Szasz K. Salamon. Budapest. 1870, 23 - 60. old.

39 Hegedus G. Az egyetlen ut. Budapest. S. a.

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